Trauma refers to the psychological and physiological response to events that are experienced as overwhelming, threatening, or deeply distressing. Trauma can develop from a single incident or from repeated exposure to harmful conditions over time. The effects of trauma may include heightened stress responses, difficulty regulating emotions, intrusive memories, or avoidance of environments associated with harm. In school settings, trauma may affect a student’s ability to concentrate, feel safe, or participate in learning. Understanding trauma involves recognising that behaviour or emotional responses may reflect past experiences of stress or harm rather than intentional defiance or lack of motivation.