Removal of students from instruction or participation. Includes suspensions, expulsions, room clears, partial schedules, send-homes, waiting rooms, hallway isolation, and informal practices that separate students from learning environments. Exclusion is often justified through safety rhetoric, framed as temporary crisis response, or positioned as accommodation rather than punishment. Exclusion produces educational, social, and psychological harm, particularly when deployed systematically against disabled, neurodivergent, or marginalised students.