Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) is an approach to therapy and education that applies principles of behaviourism — particularly reinforcement and repetition — to shape observable behaviour. It is commonly used in autism services and has influenced many school behaviour systems. In practice, ABA-based approaches often involve breaking skills into small steps, rewarding behaviours that are considered desirable, and reducing behaviours that are seen as disruptive or inappropriate. From a neurodiversity-affirming perspective, ABA is understood as a method designed primarily to change outward behaviour rather than to understand the underlying experience of the autistic person. Critics note that historically many ABA programs focused on encouraging autistic children to appear more “typical,” sometimes by discouraging natural forms of communication, movement, or self-regulation such as stimming. Many autistic self-advocates argue that support should prioritise communication, autonomy, sensory needs, and safety, rather than compliance or behavioural normalisation. Increasingly, educators and clinicians are re-examining behaviour-focused approaches and moving toward supports that focus on removing barriers in the environment and helping neurodivergent people thrive as themselves.