Ableism refers to the discrimination, prejudice, and systemic bias against people with disabilities rooted in the belief that non-disabled abilities and bodies are superior or “normal.” It can show up in attitudes, policies, physical environments, social interactions, and institutional practices that devalue disabled people, limit their participation, or deny them equal access and opportunities. Ableism often rests on assumptions that disability is a flaw that needs “fixing,” which can lead to harmful stereotypes and exclusionary behaviour — from inaccessible buildings and refusal to accommodate needs, to subtle microaggressions and dismissive language. Ableism can be conscious or unconscious and is similar to other forms of discrimination like racism or sexism, but specifically targets people with physical, intellectual, or psychosocial disabilities. Addressing ableism means recognising and challenging these beliefs, removing barriers, and ensuring people with disabilities are treated with dignity and full inclusion.